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96to arrange for civilian8run schools to provide potential recruits with at least 80 hours in their log books with the additional 70 required to qualify them to fly with %u2018British Aviation Ltd%u2019, a dummy commercial corporation that would %u2018employ%u2019 them until they could be transported across the border where they could be formally inducted into the RAF. Originally equipped with a variety of civilian trainer aircraft, these were eventually replaced, notwithstanding the USA%u2019s neutral stance, by Government8supplied PT817s and AT86s %u2013 Stearmans and Harvards. The, eventually, four so8called Refresher Schools20produced 598 pilots at a cost of about $1,000 per head. *%u0017%u0006 fi(/%u0006 %u0004%u0014%u0017%%u0015&(/%u0006 %u000c&*%u0017%u0014%u0017?%u0006 Like the RAF, the USAAC had not bothered with dedicated navigators between the wars. The penny finally dropped, however, and in August 1940 the US Army contracted Pan American Airways to train 850 flight navigators.21 As early as October the Americans offered to make all of these places available to the RAF.22 This offer was accepted, although the British never filled 100% of the available slots, the bulk of the throughput still being Americans. The first batch of ten RAF cadets (the first RAF trainees to reach the USA) arrived at the PanAm school, which was embedded within Miami University, in March 1941. The AHB monograph notes that %u2018The Miami College was co8educational and in all ways the reception given to the British cadets was extremely friendly.%u201923 The syllabus, over which the RAF was, initially at least, able to exert little influence One of PanAm%u2019s Consolidated Commodores.