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92off in some other aircrew category. As a result, as indicated in Figure 2, the output of domestically trained pilots rose steadily for the first two years of the war and then rapidly tailed off, virtually to nothing, while, in Canada, output eventually began to exceed demand and the brakes had to be applied in 1943. Figure 3 shows that the training of observers and navigatorsreflected a similar pattern, although Jurby stayed in business for the duration, continuing to turn out about 500 per year, partly to provide a comparative yardstick but again, in terms of quantity, the UK%u2019s direct contribution was dwarfed by that of Canada. It was rather different with wireless operators, gunners and flight engineers %u2013 Figure 4. Their courses were relatively short so it was not an economic proposition to send them abroad. Most British cadets in these categories were, therefore, trained in the UK, so the pattern was rather different, and the Canadian output did not overtake that of the UK until 1945, rather than 1941, and even then the differential was much smaller, largely because St Athan was almost the exclusive source of flight engineers for all Commonwealth air forces for the duration. What all of this amounted to is summarised at Figure 5. There is nothing new here; these are the official figures that were compiled by AHB and eventually published in 1952. Subsequent researchers have attempted to refine these numbers but any corrections that have been offered have been marginal at best. It is, perhaps, worth making one point %u2013 you will often find the Canadian total quoted as 131,553 rather than 137,910 shown in Figure 5. The difference arises because the British figures include output to the end of the Japanese war, whereas the Canadians drew the line when the BCATP ended in March 1945 and they also discount pilots trained in Canada prior to the implementation of the Riverdale Agreement and all aircrew produced by the RAF8run schools before they were taken over by the RCAF in 1942.18 But a discrepancy of a few thousand is more or less lost in the noise created by the global output of Commonwealth aircrew which was almost a third of a million. Before leaving WW II, we need to consider the substantial assistance offered by the USA. In May 1940 the USAAC announced that it was increasing its output of trained pilots to 7,000 per year,